1. Plato, ; ;
2. Aristotle, Books I–III, VIII; Generation and Corruption
3. Lucretius, , Books I–II
4. Plotinus, , II.5; VI.1–3
5. Aquinas, I, QQ. 9, 45; Commentary on the Physics
6. Descartes, , Part II
7. Newton, , Axioms (Laws of Motion)
8. Hume, , Sections IV–VII
9. Kant, , Analogies of Experience
10. Hegel, , Doctrine of Being (Becoming)