1. Plato, Books VI–VII; 242–250
2. Aristotle, Books I, IV, VI, XII
3. Plotinus, V.1, VI.9
4. Aquinas, I, Q. 1;
5. Descartes, I–III
6. Spinoza, Part I
7. Locke, Book II, Chapter 23; Book IV, Chapter 3
8. Kant, , Prefaces and Introduction; Transcendental Dialectic
9. Hegel, , Introduction; , Part I